FIGURE 1: Basic scheme of selection in mutation breeding
FIGURE 2: Main steps of establishment of a hybrid variety in wheat
FIGURE 3: Development of allopolyploid (amphidiploid) hybrids, e.g. a wheat-rye hybrid (octoploid triticale)
FIGURE 4: Residue seed method of breeding, half-sib progeny selection or method of overstored seeds
FIGURE 5: Single-plant selection including testing of progeny in autogamous plants
FIGURE 6: Inheritance and segregation patterns in subsequent generations of flower colour from a cross of a red-flowered with a white-flowered plant, and with dominant inheritance of red flowers
FIGURE 7: Pedigree breeding (cross-combination breeding) in autogamous plants
FIGUR 8: Some diploid and allopolyploid species of the genus Brassica with agricultural and breeding importance
FIGURE 9: Experimental field design of a Latin square considering four variants and four replications (4 blocks, 4 columns) and a Latin rectangle considering 10 variants
FIGURE 10: The phylogeny of wheat (Triticum ssp.)
FIGURE 11: Types of chromosome and/or centromere constrictions
FIGURE 12: The karyogram of diploid rye, Secale cereale L.
FIGURE 13: Pairing failure of meiotic chromosomes as interlocked configuration
FIGURE 14: Different types of trisomics in plants
FIGURE 15: A diagrammatic representation of different meiotic chromosome configurations observed in diakinesis and metaphase including the minimum chiasmata
FIGURE 16: Combination breeding by using the bulk method
FIGURE 17: A comparison of the genetic segregation patterns of sexually derived and doubled-haploid derived F2 progenies from F1 heterozygotes
FIGURE 18: Schematic interpretation of ‘dominance hypothesis’ considering inbred lines and F1 hybrid
FIGURE 19: Schematic drawing of topcross design including progeny testing for general combining ability
FIGURE 20: Schematic drawing of a recurrent selection design
FIGURE 21: Schematic drawing of a reciprocal recurrent selection design
FIGURE 22: Schematic drawing of hybrid seed production in maize
FIGURE 23: Schematic drawing of hybrid seed production after and utilisation of cytoplasmic male sterility
FIGURE 24: Schematic drawing of unequal crossing-over
FIGURE 25: Schematic drawing of embryo sac and pollen formation
FIGURE 26: Breeding scheme using doubled haploids
FIGURE 27: Schematic drawing of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
FIGURE 28: Different ways of asexual reproduction in plants
FIGURE 29: Hybrid seed production in allogamous rye
FIGURE 30: Designs of spreader nurseries
FIGURE 31: Basic crossing schemes in plant breeding
FIGURE 32: Schematic drawing of honeycomb and grid designs
FIGURE 33: Several types of hill plots
FIGURE 34: Basic shapes and types of spikes in wheat
FIGURE 35: Schematic drawing of sexual organs of a plant flower
FIGURE 36: Types of duplicated chromosome segments
FIGURE 37: Schematic drawing of aneuploid types in wheat and applicable to other diploids and polyploids
FIGURE 38: Estimation of heritability h2 based on selection advantage ‘R’, selection coefficient ‘S’ and selection intensity ’ i’
FIGURE 39: Schematic drawing of mass selection and single-plant selection
FIGURE 40: Schematic drawing of positive mass selection
FIGURE 41: Couple method of breeding in allogamous plants
FIGURE 42: A general breeding scheme called "variety machine" (modfied after N.F. JENSEN)
FIGURE 43a: Loding in hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum (Gramineae)
FIGURE 43b: alfalfa - Luzerne f, Medicago sativa (Leguminosae)
FIGURE 44: Schematic drawing of presumed pedegree of sugarbeet (modified after SCHUKOWSKI 1950)
FIGURE 45: Hybrid seed production in rapeseed by strip cropping
FIGURE 46: Flower head of rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. napus)
FIGURE 47: (a) Scheme of hybrid seed production in rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. napus); strip cropping as ratio 2 : 1, and (B) scheme of line production by using cytoplasmatic male-sterile mutants
FIGURE 48: Adventitious root development from lower nodes in hexaploid wheat
FIGURE 49: azia cucumber - Aziagurke f, Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae)
FIGURE 50: asparagus pea - Spargelerbse f, Tetragonolobus purpureus syn Lotus tetragonolobus (Leguminosae)
FIGURE 51: salsify - Haferwurzel f, Tragopogon porrifolius (Compositae)
FIGURE 52: parsnip - Pastinake f, Pastinaca sativa (Umbelliferae)
FIGURE 53: May beet - Teltower Rübchen f, Brassica napus var. rapa (Cruciferae)
FIGURE 54: evening primrose - Rapontika f, Oenothera biennis (Oenotheraceae)
FIGURE 55: rampion - Rapunzelrübe f, Campanula rapunculus (Campanulaceae)
FIGURE 56: red beet - Salatrübe f, Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris convar. crassa var. conditiva (Chenopodiaceae)
FIGURE 57: skirret - Zuckerwurzel f, Sisum sisarum (Umbelliferae)
FIGURE 58: cardoon - Spanische Artischoke f, Cynara cardunculus (Compositae)
FIGURE 59: scurvy grass - Löffelkraut n, Cochlearia officinalis (Cruciferae)
FIGURE 60: amaranth - Amaranth m, Amaranthus lividis (Amaranthaceae)
FIGURE 61: ice plant - Eiskraut n, Mesembrianthemum crystallinum (Aizoaceae)
FIGURE 62: good king Henry - Guter Heinrich m, Chenopodium bonus-henricus (Chenopodiaceae)
FIGURE 63a: Malabar nightshade - Indischer Spinat m, Basella alba, B. rubra (Chenopodiaceae)
FIGURE 63b: orache - Spanischer Salat m, Atriplex hortensis (Chenopodiaceae)
FIGURE 64: sorrel - Gemüseampfer m, Rumex.acetosa var. hortensis (Polygonaceae)
FIGURE 65: Swiss chard - Mangold m, Beta vulgaris var. cicla (Chenopodiaceae)
FIGURE 66: Welsh onion - Heckzwiebel f, Allium fistulosum (Alliaceae)
FIGURE 67: triticale - Triticale m, Triticale turgidocereale (2n = 6x = 42) (Gramineae)
FIGURE 68: cucumber - Gurke f, Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae)
FIGURE 69: ginger - Ingwer m, Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae); adult plant, flowers, young sprouts, and root
FIGURE 70: Vitreous grains, characterizing slightly translucent kernels in durum wheat, Triticum durum (Gramineae)
FIGURE 71a: Flowering male organs (tassel) of maize, Zea mays (Gramineae)
FIGURE 72: Types of periclinal chimera
FIGURE 76: Schematic drawing of hybrid seed production in barley using the BBT system
FIGURE 77: Schematic drawing of nick translation reaction with unlabeled and labeled dNTP for in situ hybridization experiments
FIGURE 78: Schematic drawing of oligolabeling reaction with unlabeled and labeled dNTP for in situ hybridization experiments
FIGURE 79: Schematic drawing of end-labeling reaction with labeled dNTP for in situ hybridization experiments
FIGURE 80a: chayote - Chayote f, Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae)
FIGURE 82: Breeding schemes for synthetic varieties using inbred lines (left) or clones
FIGURE 84: Schematic drawing of isolation and regeneration of protoplasts
FIGURE 85: Schematic drawing of haploid production by androgenesis (anther and pollen culture)
FIGURE 86: Schmatic drawing of RFLP analysis by using gel electrophoresis and SOUTHERN transfer technique
FIGURE 87: Schematic drawing of gene tagging by using transposons
FIGURE: 88: Molecular procedue of chromosome walking
FIGURE 89a: spikelet shape - Ährchenform f, Agropyron ssp. (Gramineae)
FIGURE 89b: spikelet shape - Ährchenform f, Elymus ssp. (Gramineae)